Integrated Solution to the Problem of Resource-Saving Fixing of Moving Sands_Juniper Publishers
Juniper Publishers- Journal of Civil Engineering
Abstract
Movable sands, which occupy large areas around the
world, are becoming more intensively developed, but their susceptibility
to deflation causes the problem of dispersal, transfer and deposition
of sands that impede the normal operation of engineering facilities.
Science and practice have offered many solutions, but they are far from
perfect from the point of view of economic and environmental. A
comprehensive resource-saving solution to the problem is proposed based
on: the priority of the physicochemical method of fixing and using a
water-soluble binder; pre-moistening of sand, which allows significant
savings in consumption of the binder and its working composition, as
well as extending the production time of work and the use of material
and human resources; laconization of research methods; use of waste and
related products of local production, two of which are studied in this
work.
Keywords:
Methodology; Sandy deserts; Drifts; Protection; Sand fixation;
Technological solutions; New technical method; Construction and
technological parameters of protection; Physicochemical method;
Technological gap; Processing strips
Introduction
Deserts and semi-deserts occupy 31.4 million km2 on
the surface of the Earth, including the Sahara (covers 11 countries of
North and West Africa), and Namib (South Africa, Namibia) in Africa, Rub
al-Khali (Arabian Peninsula), Dashti- Naumid (Iran), Karakum and
Kyzylkum (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tar (Pakistan, India),
Gobi and Takla-Makan (China) in Asia, Mojave with its Death Valley in
North America, the Great and Small Sandy Deserts, the Simpson Desert in
Australia [1]. Building engineering communications in these conditions
over the past two centuries have tended to expand. Eniyu [2-5]
Construction sandy deserts associated with the negative impact of
exogenous process - deflation and its activation brittle fracture
bioravnovesiya-destruction of vegetation, which is formed very slowly
[6-11]. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, mobile sands occupying more than
30% of the territory are sources of blowing and drifting irrigation
networks, roads and railways, gas pipelines and, as a result, the reason
for reducing the safety of their operation [12]. Therefore, in the
construction and operation of engineering structures in sandy deserts,
the problem of protecting them from blowing and from drifts is given
significant importance [13-15].
Generalization of the Degree of Studying the Problem and the Tasks of its Solution
In a series of measures to protect against the
effects of deflation, a special place belongs to methods of bringing a
sandy
surface to a fixed state [16]. The disadvantage of the widely used
method of mechanical protection devices, especially reed cells, in
addition to the weak possibility of mechanization, is that plants
survive poorly (10-15%) [17]. From this point of view, a physicochemical
method for obtaining a protective crust using binders is promising
[18–22]. The possibility of their use for the formation of protective
bark is estimated by their anti-deflationary stability [23]. Despite
this, the fixation of mobile sands by various methods, including the
physicochemical method based on binders, remains economically and
sometimes ecologically impractical [24]. In this regard, it is important
to improve the existing and develop new technological solutions for the
physicochemical method based on the impregnation of mobile sand [25].
The following are some of the technological solutions used in this study:
A. the use of multicomponent binders and emulsions is
not technological and requires pre-heating and preparation in a special
installation. These circumstances lead to higher prices and higher
labor costs;
B. many binders are imported. For example, in
Uzbekistan, with the exception of gossypol resin and bitumen, other
binders are not produced [27];
C. all recommended binders are used a priori in the
dry period of the year, despite the fact that emulsions and especially
water-soluble binders freely penetrate wet sand.
Impregnation in dry sand limits the time of work and, as a
result, the use of resources during the year;
D. to assess the stability of the astringent-sandy crust, a
variety of physicomechanical characteristics and parameters
are used, the determination of which requires a considerable
amount of time and money.
Methodological Approach to the Complex Solution of the Problem
The present studies in the methodological aspect allow us to
systematize the disparate data as the achievement of a resourcesaving
goal of solving the problem of combating the effects of
deflation. Therefore, at the first stage of research, the watersoluble
type of binder was determined by analyzing technical
and economic indicators. Further decline costs associated
primarily with the pyrimeneniem waste and by-products of
local production. It should be noted that to prove the possibility
of using a binder, it is necessary to conduct a large number of
experimental studies. Therefore, there was a question about the
rational limitation, at the first stage of the study, the number
of structural-mechanical characteristics for saving resources.
From the analysis of literature and regulatory sources, the
requirements for anti-deflationary protective coatings were
established: E1<8x106 Pa, fast elastic deformation modulus,
E2<1.1x106 Pa, slow elastic deformation modulus, E<4.4 x106
Pa, elastic equilibrium modulus, maximum plastic viscosity
η>1.05x106 Pa, s, elasticity (λ), static plasticity, and a period of
true plastic relaxation with a shear strain. Simulation in a wind
tunnel found that all these characteristics can be summarized
in two parameters: crust thickness and plastic strength, which
allows us to develop a resource-saving research method for the
first stage of justifying the possibility of using a binder. Upon
receipt of positive results further in-depth studies are conducted.
The sharp decrease in the rate of impregnation prompted
the idea that perhaps the nature of the impregnation changes
from predominantly gravitational to predominantly capillary.
This made it possible to put forward a working hypothesis and
confirm experimentally that when wet sand is impregnated,
a film of moisture is formed on the sand, the volume and size
of the active pores in which the working composition of the
binder, forming a crust, moves decreases. The efficiency of
phytomelioration directly depends on the retention of moisture
under the crust for a long time. To create a reserve of moisture
under a protective crust, it is obvious that splashing of sand
binder onto the surface should be done after rain, and to prolong
the work, after the preliminary artificial moistening of the sandy
surface. Thus, the proposed method of fixing sand consists of
the following methods: spraying; creation of protective diffusion
crust by impregnation of sand with a working binder composition.
Thus, in order to obtain a protective bindery sand crust, a new
technological solution was developed by the complex use of
interrelated theoretical and experimental methods for studying
initial materials; physical modeling of experiments; modern
and classic measuring instruments; graphical interpretation
of the results; X-ray and spectroscopic analysis; mathematical
statistical method.
Methods and Means of Experimental Research and Analysis of the Received Results
In the experiments, the sand of the Southern Kyzylkum was
used, taken from the right track of the Navoi-Uchkuduk railway
line. The granulometric composition and structural-mechanical
characteristics of the sands were determined by the standard
method. It is established that sand has a modulus equal to 1.
The mineralogical composition of Kyzylkum sand was studied
on a PANalytical diffractometer and under an MBS-2 binocular
microscope. Sand consists of quartz-60-63%, albites-25-26%;
calcite-7-9%, amphiboles -2%; biotite and others -0.2 -0.6%.
The chemical composition of the binder materials (dextrin and
KP-001 glue) was studied on a Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer.
In conducting experiments on the impregnation of dry and
wet sand, the method of mathematical planning was used.
The physicomechanical characteristics of the resulting knitted
sandy crusts and the change in their values were measured by
AIP-1-3 according to GOST 23750-79 (imitation of operating
conditions). The depth of impregnation of the binder in the sand
was determined using a moisture meter with a probe installed
at a depth of 100mm. The plastic strength of the astringent crust
was determined on a conical plastometer of the University of
Moskow (MSU) system.
Sand humidity was measured with an inductive universal
moisture meter with a parallel measurement of air temperature
using a GM816 digital anemometer-thermometer. In the
experiments, the sand of the Southern Kyzylkum was used,
taken from the right track of the Navoi-Uchkuduk railway line.
The granulometric composition and structural-mechanical
characteristics of the sands were determined by the standard
method. It is established that sand has a modulus equal to 1.
The mineralogical composition of Kyzylkum sand was studied
on a PANalytical diffractometer and under an MBS-2 binocular
microscope. Sand consists of quartz -60-63%, albites - 25-26%;
calcite -7-9%, amphiboles -2%; biotite and others -0.2 - 0.6%.
The chemical composition of the binder materials (dextrin and
KP-001 glue) was studied on a Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer.
In conducting experiments on the impregnation of dry and wet
sand, the method of mathematical planning was used.
The physicomechanical characteristics of the resulting
knitted sandy crusts and the change in their values were
measured by AIP-1-3 according to GOST 23750-79 (imitation
of operating conditions). The depth of impregnation of the
binder in the sand was determined using a moisture meter with
a probe installed at a depth of 100 mm. The plastic strength of
the astringent crust was determined on a conical plastometer of the University of Moskow (MGU) system. Sand humidity was
measured with an inductive universal moisture meter with a
parallel measurement of air temperature using a GM816 digital
anemometer-thermometer (Figure 1).

The obtained dependence with the reliability of
approximation R² = 0.94 is described by the formula:

Using this dependence and knowing the limiting humidity,
the time of possible start of impregnation after moistening was
determined, which was 10 - 15 minutes. To identify the results of
laboratory studies, it was necessary to ensure compliance with
the experimental conditions and natural conditions. Considering
the instability of air temperature, it was first of all necessary to
determine the temperature regime of the tests. The average daily
temperature was found, corresponding to the time of sanding
works from 9 to 18 hours. For this purpose, a statistical analysis
was carried out of the average monthly daily variation of air
temperature over the past 30 years at 14 meteorological stations
located in the region of sandy deserts, where the potential danger
of sand deflation is observed. As a result, the interval of the
average monthly temperature variation was found to be 30±2.
Features of the formation of the structure of protective crusts
on dry and wet sands were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis
(Empyreen diffractometer) and IR spectroscopy (Nicolet iS50
FT-IR spectrometer from Thermo Scientific (USA)). To optimize
the concentration of binders in the first stage, the dependence
of the depth of impregnation of the binder on the concentration
of the solution was investigated. It was found that the required
crust thickness h≥5mm can be obtained at a concentration of
the binder solution of not more than 8%. Further studies were
conducted to determine the impregnability of sand of different
humidity and the detection of the threshold humidity (Table 1).


1, 2, 3, 4 - protective crusts, obtained from 1.5, respectively; 2, 5, 8%
solutions of dextrin; 5-the line of maximum required value of plastic
strength.
The research results of the proposed new binders have
shown that impregnation begins at a moisture content of less
than 22%, however, the formation of the required thickness is
possible starting from a moisture content of 20-21%. The time of
the possible beginning of the process of sand impregnation after
it was moistened, a change in the moisture content of a layer of
sand 5mm thick with time was studied (Figure 2) (Table 2).
In order to study the mutual connection of the impregnation
with the average daily temperature course, experiments were
performed on the impregnation of sand with binding solutions
at different times of the day on dry and wet sand. As a result,
it was found that the time of day at which the impregnation
is carried out has virtually no effect on the parameters of the protective peel under study. Protective crusts obtained in the
laboratory were tested for wind resistance in a wind tunnel with
compliance with the similarity criteria (geometric, Froude, etc.).
Wind resistance was estimated by weight loss of the samples.
For wind-resistant crusts, their plastic strength was determined
(Table1).

As shown by the results of the experiments, with equal
consumption of the binder, the protective crust on wet sand as
compared to the crust obtained on dry sand after purging has
less weight loss. The thickness of the crust on wet sand wears
out 2-7 times less. The protective crusts obtained on dry sand
with a binder consumption of at least 1.5 l/m2 proved to be
resistant to wind load; on wet sand, the crust resistance was
observed at a lower consumption —0.5 l /m2, probably due to
an increase in crust by reducing the pore space of the sandy
substrate. Considering that deserts with moving sands belong
in relief to the plains with slight inclines (within the location of
railways and roads), studies have shown that the plastic strength
of the crust on slopes 5-100 must be at least 5kPa ( Table 3).

When sands were recorded in a water-saturated state (W
= 20%), an increase in plastic strength was observed 1.5-2.0
times as compared with the strength of sands in the air-dry
state. Consequently, when wet sands are fixed in the wet state,
saturation with the binder in the upper layers of the protective
crust and, accordingly, the required stability of the protective
crust can be achieved with a lower specific binder consumption.
Reducing the speed of impregnation as a result of pre-saturation
of the upper layers of sand fixed by water can reduce the
concentration of the binder in its working composition, which
leads to a decrease in the cost of the product - a protective peel.
The study of the dependence of plastic strength on the
concentration of the binder and the specific consumption of its
working composition, when the required plastic strength Pm
≥ (2.5 - 2.7) kPa is reached, made it possible to determine the
optimal concentration of the binder in solution: for dextrin -
2.2%, for glue KP-001 - 1.5% (Figure 3). The characteristics of
knitting-sandy crusts obtained by impregnating dry sand and
sand with humidity W = 20% within the specific consumption
of the working composition of the binder from 3 to 5 l / m2
showed that the thickness of the crusts is 2-4 times more, which
also allows us to state the need for preliminary wetting the
sand before consolidation, as well as the possibility of further
reducing the specific consumption of the working composition
of the binder and, in general, the possibility of saving resources.


1,2,3,4 - protective crusts, obtained respectively from 1.5; 2,5,8% of
KP-001 glue solutions; 5-the line of maximum required value of plastic
strength.
And also, the same dependencies were obtained from the
specific consumption of the most economical concentration of
the KP-0011.5 glue solution- on dry sand:

It was found that on wet sand a crust with desired properties
is obtained with a lower consumption of binder, this is apparently
due to the nature of its distribution in depth and depends on the
rate of impregnation (Table 4).

At the end, a whole series of physicochemical studies were
carried out aimed at identifying the features of the structure
formation of the binder-sanding materials of protective crusts.
An X-ray diffraction analysis of the material of crusts was
performed on an Empyreen diffractometer. Roentgenograms
showed the absence of chemisorption bonds, which indicates
that the structure of the astringent sand-protective layer is
formed under the influence of the phenomenon of physical
adsorption of the astringent, sticking grain of sand. In addition,
it was found that aqueous solutions of glue and dextrin mainly
interact with the phases “MicroMouse” (Microcline) and
“Feldspar” (Albite). In the case of wet sand, this process occurs
even before the binder is impregnated. Upon impregnation of
wet sand with an astringent, the aforementioned interaction is
likely to be completed - the layers of micro-mica are filled with
moisture. Consequently, this explains the lower consumption
of the binder and an increase in the depth of its impregnation
with meeting the requirements for the stability of the protective
crust.
On radiographs of materials obtained on wet sand, it is
clear that peaks characteristic of water and polymer are several
times smaller than similar peaks on radiographs of materials
obtained on dry sand. This is probably due to the fact that with
increasing colloidal layers of water adsorbed on the surface of
sand particles, the pore space decreases. In this case, the size of
the channels through which the binder penetrates into the sand
decreases to sizes smaller than 〖10^(- 2)mm, which as a result
leads to a change in the predominantly gravitational nature of
the impregnation to capillary. Impregnation of the wet substrate
increases the saturation of the wetting phase, and this causes
a deeper penetration of the solution into the wet sand. Studies
have shown that the rate of impregnation in wet sand is lower
compared to impregnation in dry sand, which leads to a deeper
adsorption of the binder in the upper layer of the protective peel
(Table 5).

The study of the structure of astringent crusts was carried
out using IR spectroscopy. Impregnation of the wet substrate has
been found to increase the saturation of the wetting phase, and
this is the cause of the deeper penetration of the solution into the
wet sand. Thus, the results of diffractometry and spectroscopy
completely confirmed the correctness of the working hypothesis
about the possibility of obtaining protective crusts of given
properties when improving the technology of sand-binding and
significant savings of resources (Table 6).

The prices for April 2018 made a comparison of six methods
of sand fixing, which became more widespread. Compared with
the gossypol resin emulsion-based method, which is the most
economical of all known, the savings per hectare when using
dextrin solution will be 1,225 thousand soums, and when using
a binder solution based on polymer glue - 1,575,000 soums.
Compared to reed cells used in Uzbekistan, the savings per
hectare using dextrin solution will be 5646 thousand soums and
using polymeric glue solution - 5996 thousand soums. Production
implementation of research results during 2015-2016. on sandystretched
sections of the Navoi-Uchkuduk-Misken railway line,
JSC Uzbekistan Railways fully confirmed the effectiveness of the
use of the developed compositions and improved technology for
fixing mobile sands. The result was: reduction of labor costs by
60% due to simplification and comprehensive mechanization
of work; saving materials by 50% by reducing the specific
consumption of the working composition of the binder and strip
processing; increase in seed germination of sand-loving plants
(phytomelioration) by 15%.
Conclusion
A. Developed new complex resource-saving methods of
obtaining a protective crust by impregnating moving sands
of dry and wet conditions with working compositions of
binding substances based on dextrin and KP-001 glue:
a) dextrin - 2.2%; NaOH - 0.4%; HS (plasticizer) - 0.6%;
water –96.8%.
b) KP – 001 glue - 1.5%; water - 98.5, providing the
required stability of the astringent sand protective cover to
the wind-sandy stream.
B. A rapid method for the study of resource-saving
assessment of the possibility of using binders to create protective crusts is proposed. kPa respectively on horizontal
and sloping sandy surfaces.
C. A method has been developed for estimating the wind
resistance of a knitted sand crust by physical modeling in a
wind tunnel.
D. The role of sand moisture as a resource-saving factor
in obtaining a protective crust resistant to wind-sand flow,
which significantly changes the character of impregnation
from mainly gravitational to capillary as a result of pore
space narrowing, which sharply reduces the impregnation
rate and, as a result, leads, ultimately, to a significant
decrease in the concentration of the binder in the solution
and its specific consumption.
E. New technological solutions made it possible to reduce
labor costs by 60%, to obtain a reduction in the consumption
of binders by 50%, to increase seed germination of sandloving
plants by 15%.
F. Pilot production of the research results confirmed the
hypotheses put forward.
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